Chapter 5

Let us set aside for the present the question of contemporary art, and take up again the general question.

Imitation is always barren and bad.

As for Shakespeare, —since Shakespeare is the poet who claims our attention now, —he is, in the highest degree, a genius human and general; but like every true genius, he is at the same time an idiosyncratic and personal mind. Axiom: the poet starts from his own inner self to come to us. It is that which makes the poet inimitable.

Examine Shakespeare, dive into him, and see how determined he is to be himself. Do not expect any concession from him. It is not egotism, but it is stubbornness. He wills it. He gives to art his orders, —of course in the limits of his work; for neither the art of Æschylus, nor the art of Aristophanes, nor the art of Plautus, nor the art of Macchiavelli, nor the art of Calderon, nor the art of Molière, nor the art of Beaumarchais, nor any of the forms of art, deriving life each of them from the special life of a genius, would obey the orders given by Shakespeare. Art, thus understood, is vast equality and profound liberty; the region of the equals is also the region of the free.

One of the grandeurs of Shakespeare consists in his impossibility to be a model. In order to realize his idiosyncrasy, open one of his plays, —no matter which; it is always foremost and above all Shakespeare.

What more personal than “Troilus and Cressida”? A comic Troy! Here is “Much Ado about Nothing,”—a tragedy which ends with a burst of laughter. Here is the “Winter’s Tale,”—a pastoral drama. Shakespeare is at home in his work. Do you wish to see true despotism: look at his fancy. What arbitrary determination to dream! What despotic resolution in his vertiginous flight! What absoluteness in his indecision and wavering! The dream fills some of his plays to that degree that man changes his nature, and is the cloud more than the man. Angelo in “Measure for Measure” is a misty tyrant. He becomes disintegrated, and wears away. Leontes in the “Winter’s Tale” is an Othello who is blown away. In “Cymbeline” one thinks that Iachimo will become an Iago, but he melts down. The dream is there, —everywhere. Watch Manilius, Posthumus, Hermione, Perdita, passing by. In the “Tempest,” the Duke of Milan has “a brave son,” who is like a dream in a dream. Ferdinand alone speaks of him, and no one but Ferdinand seems to have seen him. A brute becomes reasonable: witness the constable Elbow in “Measure for Measure.” An idiot is all at once witty: witness Cloten in “Cymbeline.” A King of Sicily is jealous of a King of Bohemia. Bohemia has a seashore. The shepherds pick up children there. Theseus, a duke, espouses Hippolyta, the Amazon. Oberon comes in also. For here it is Shakespeare’s will to dream; elsewhere he thinks.